section 2 - James

section 3 - James

Section 3

The early cinema pioneers influenced the modern day auteurs a great deal, for example, the creators of montage, (Eisenstein and Kuleshov) both influenced Alfred Hitchcock and the way he used his film and editing techniques within his films, we specifically see this through psycho. We see this as Hitchcock uses metric editing in the shower scene, he has done this to match the horrific music used with the action of the knife stabbing the woman, he also mixes the montage with continuity, thanks to early cinema pioneer D.W Griffith, he uses the transition effect through the scene at the end, this was done to link the two scenes together, of the plug whole and her eye, it is done to link the two shots by dissolving them in and out of each other, making the audience understand that they both have the same meaning.

During this film - The Dark Knight, by Christopher Nolan, we see that there are clear signs that he was influenced by previous pioneers and their editing techniques, during this film, we see that he was heavily influenced by the father of continuity editing, which was D.W Griffiths and that he was also influenced by the montage style from the soviets, naming Kuleshov, by combining the two methods, to form his own artistic style, Nolan used the techniques before him for there stylistic purposes, by using the montage techniques, he took the artistic style, but not all of the political motivation behind soviet montage, this is similar to Hitchcock before him, he also too the artistic style from the montage techniques.
                                                   

Death Proof - Quentin Tarantino 

In the film Death proof, we can see that Tarantino has used continuity methods, created by Griffiths, he did this because we can see he is trying not to make the audience think about the film, like montage would, however, during this scene of the film, we can see that Tarantino deliberately breaks continuity by breaking the 180 degree rule, creating discontinuity, he uses a fast tempo to the chase scene before, to entertain the audience, making the editing fast paced for the audience to feel thrilled and entertained, by breaking continuity purposely, it makes Tarantino an auteur (artist) this is because he has purposely created a new form of technique and a new style.

Inglorious Bastards - Quentin Tarantino

                     

                                                                                                                                                     Tarantino again shows his influence from continuity and montage techniques, as he uses one of the 5 rules of montage - Rhythmic editing, this is used here among a continuity sequence, making the audience entertained throughout, however it is also a montage sequence, this is because there is a flashback used, meaning this immediately makes the audience think about the characters, the rhythmic editing is done to match alongside the action that is taking place.

Kill Bill - Quentin Tarantino 

We can see that Tarantino deliberately breaks continuity by breaking the 180 degree rule, creating discontinuity, this is a continuity sequence as it is a typical fight scene not needing the audience to think, he breaks the 180 degree rule to create disconintuity throughout a continuity sequence, to disrupt the continuity flowing in the scene.

Pulp Fiction - Quinten Tarantino 

During this scene, the editing pace becomes faster, this is done to keep the audience on edge, throughout a continuity sequence, Tarantino was here influenced by Griffith using a continuity sequence

Inception - Chris Nolan

Chris Nolan usually uses continuity, being influenced by D.W Griffith, however, in inception, he uses montage, from the soviets, Kuleshov and Eisenstein, to make the audience think about what they are watching, he uses montage in the his film Inception by using flashbacks and flash forwards, this was done to make the audience think bout the story and the characters involved within it.

Contemporary editing is used to pass time, not needing to make the audience think about what they are watching, this is because it is Hollywood montage, from the US, done to compete with the birth place of montage, which was the soviets, as they are rivals, Hollywood montage is done just to entertain the audience, the political side was left out of Hollywood montage and it was designed not to make the audience think but to make them entertained. It also used montage techniques, such as using rhythm and pace.  

She - Final Edit - James

unit 16 rough edit

Edit

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PRACTICE EDIT

Point of View Shot and Continuity

Point of View shot - This is a technique where it will show the scene from the characters point of view, so you can see the events from their perspective, allowing the audience to feel involved in the film because they can see it as if they are there.

The Point Of View shot is used here, it is done to show the current events taking place from one characters perspective. It is done to see the events from the eyes of the character.



Continuity




Continuity - A sequence of shots done to entertain the audience, to create a story in a linear sequence. It was invented by D.W Griffiths, through trial as error, as he would try something out and see if it worked. Continuity came from the US, fighting between them and Soviet Russia, who created montage, continuity proved more popular with audiences as it was just done to entertain the audience, unlike montage, which is designed to make the audience think.



Jump Cut/Metric Editing

Jump Cut

This technique was accidentally discovered by George Melies when he was filming a bus on busy road then the camera jammed midway, after he got it working again there was a horse infant of the camera instead of the bus. So when he watched the film back it looked like the bus mysteriously turned into a horse. He later on used this technique to make it look like people were disappearing in his films.
This is an example of a jump cut. It can be used to show insecurity within character through a break in continuity which

Metric Editing

Metric editing also known as editing to the beat is a form of montage editing created by the soviets. It is a technique that often follows the beat in music videos or sets a pace for films.
In this music video it follows the drum like so it looks like it is running smooth and fits in well with the montage sequence

180 degree rule

180 degree rule is an technique that show the relationship between two characters in an film as well as keeping them on screen. This type of editing technique was used by D.W Griffith (one of the film pioneers) who used this through trial and error as he was discovering different techniques while making films in the 1900's.

Transitions

Transition cuts are used when we film a shot or a scene we use transitions to cut out and cut in different transitions such as cut in and cut out. The was in which these were gradually developed was from George Melies as in his films he used jump cuts and transitions to create a sense of atmosphere or the viewers. there are also shot dissolves for example in the film psycho which was directed by Hitchcock in the shower scene were we see the victim get ruthlessly murdered we see the plug hole and it uses a dissolve transition and cuts to her eye. this shows us she's dying as the plug hole shows darkness.  So the transition technique was used mainly by Alfred Hitchcock were he used two transition types in his film Psycho. 

Motivated Cut

Motivated cuts or also known as Motivated editing is when a scene in the film cuts to an another scene that was not in the frame at previous scenes of films but this is done quickly for the audience because they could think that the use of continuity editing has been broken. This is usually used in narrative terms in movies for example: flashbacks where this technique is used to create tension of what is going to happen next in the film but the pioneer that came up with this technique was again D.W Griffith as he was discovering other techniques which are associated with Continuity editing. Also the purpose of this technique is to show what happening in the next scene that was not in the frame in the previous scene of a movie.

An eye-line match is simply an editing technique which falls under continuity editing. It involves one shot of the character's gaze and the next shot has to be the object the character is looking at. This technique was discovered by D.W Griffiths who is the 'father' of continuity editing.

 

Eyeline match was used in one of his films called The Sealed Room which was released in 1909 where the characters had a rightward gaze which signifies that the next scene was beginning at the right side.

Seamless editing or also known as invisible editing is when the cuts matches with the action. This means that there is no editing involved at all just cuts in between shots so it matches the action of what is happening in the film in a certain scene and continues to have the flow without breaking or ruining it but this certain technique was used by D.W Griffith.

Parallel Editing

Is the edit of continuously alternating two or more scenes that often take place together but in different locations. It is used to create tension as it shows multiple points of views and can create dramatic irony when the characters in the production are unaware of an even/plot unfolding beneath they’re eyes. This technique gained notice from Edwin S. Porter in the film, The Great Train Robbery (1903). Porter only introduced the concept of parallel editing; allowing future directors to build on the technique. D.W Griffith developed the technique to develop suspense, he did this in the film, The Lonedale Operator (1911). 

Cross Cutting 
Is similar to parallel editing, however, this technique allows the director to cut between different sets of action that can occur simultaneously or at different times. It is largely used to build suspense. and establish continuity.  The purpose of using both edits is that it creates motivation for the production as the cuts allow the audience to believe something intense, dramatic or highly interesting will take place. Moreover, it has a storytelling effects as the two unique scenes engage the audience as they wonder what will eventually happen in the production.

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Shot/Reverse Shot

A mainstream film technique where one character is shown looking at another character, and the other character is shown looking back at the first character. As the characters are shown facing in opposite directions, the audience will assume that the characters are looking at each other.
Shot/ Reverse shot establish continuity as it shows a conservation between two or more people to make it more realistic. D.W Griffith discovered Shot/ Reverse shot and other techniques through Continuity. As Shot/ reverse shot is a form of Continuity, this mean it should not violate the 180 degree rule. 

Analysis of three short films

The smiling man:

There are many different types of camera shots used during this film, for instance, in the shot below we can see that they have used a close up on the character. This is done for the audience to see the emotions on the characters face, it is also done for the audience to feel the characters emotions as it happens, so in this shot, when the character is in danger, it creates tension and nervousness throughout the viewers because throughout the film hey have built up a relationship with the protagonist and they fear for the character.

The mid shot is used here, this is done to establish what is going on, like a long shot, we can see background around the character, to establish where he is, although it does not show the full picture, hinting to the audience that there may be someone watching him. It is at the beginning of the film, it is edited by using cuts from one scene to another linking the story together. The lghting is low key, at night time here also, this gives the impression of danger to the audience. Making them already unsure for the characters safety.

This shot is an extreme close up, it is used in this scene to get a detailed facial expression or emotion from the character, it is done for the audience to follow the live events from the eye line of the character, this creates tension throughout the audience because they know something dangerous is about to happen, it also creates mystery among the viewers, this is because they understand something bad will happen bu they are not sure what as they are looking at it at the same time as the character.  During this scene, we also see the lighting is low key, this is done to add to the suspense within the audience, as they are unsure of the next events that will occur. This matches the horror conventions, by creating tension and mystery throughout the audience.

An over the shoulder shot is used here, this is done to create mystery throughout the audience, as they can see that the protagonist is being watched. The over the shoulder shot is used to make the audience undertsnad that the character is being followed and is in danger, this is represents in the scene becuase camera pans across as the protagonist walks past. This represents that the character is in danger, matching the codes and conventions of a horror film, creating tension and mystery among the audience members.

The lighting in this film is always low key, this is because it is at night time, this is a typical aspect of a horror film, when it is dark, the audience almost know that something bad will take place. It ceates tension in the audience, this is because they are unsure whether the character is in danger or not. It creates mystery also, this is because the antagonist is crouching down on the floor, this is not an ordinary thing to do so it makes the viewers suspicious of the characters intentions.

Cut to black is used here, it is at the end of the film, just before the credits, the sound during this scene increases and becomes more eary, making the audience scared as they understand that the protagonist is in serious danger, after the non diegitc sound comes through, the scene cuts to black, emphasising to the audience that the character is in danger and is likely to die.

The lighting in this scene is very dark, this is low key lighting, it is used in this scene to put the viewers on edge and to create a sense of tension as they are unsure on the circumstances that may follow, it is done to make it more suspenseful for the audience. By using low key lighting, it follows the correct conventions of a horror film.

This shot is a canted angle (dutch tilt) this is when the composition of the shot changes, in this film, it goes from one shot to another angle very quickly, this changes composition, it is done to add effects for the audience and to create tension as the audience are unsure on what is happening. The camera is also hand held during this scene, this is done to add drama to the scene as it portrays the actions as if the audience are there with the character running. It makes the audience feel as though they are with them, creating tension among the audience because they know that the protagonist is running from danger.

The editing in this scene is done by using quick cuts, by using quick cuts, it keeps the audience entertained as it jumps from shot to shot, this is done to make the scenes lively and o create enthusiasm throughout the viewers.

Long shot is used here for the audience to see everything in the scene, including the antagonist.

During this short film, we hear many different forms of sound, both diegetic and non diegetic. An example of diegetic sound used in the film is he soft wind whistling, this is diegetic sound because both the audience and the character can hear it. The whistling wind is used o create a dramatic effect on the audience, as it makes them feel tense and unsure of the events that may follow. It implies to the audience that something dangerous is about to happen, because all is quiet. The viewers can also hear the footsteps of the antagonist, the footsteps are extremely loud, this may be done to emphasis that the character is out of the ordinary, it also is done because it shows that the antagonist is getting closer and closer, worrying the audience because they care for the protagonists safety. The other types of diegetic sound used is the dialogue of the character as he questions the antagonist. There is also non diegetic sound used in the film, this is the music that was used, it was used at the beginning and the end, towards the end the music becomes eary, representing danger to the audience as they don't know whether the character is safe or not. The music at the beginning of the film is much calmer, this in itself represents danger to the audience as the scene is using low key lighting to help emphasis with the non diegetic sound that it is a horror film, matching the conventions of a horror film, o make the audience feel tense, insecure and creating mystery.

Coffer:

This close up is done to emphasis the characters facial expressions and to show the audience her feeling as the events unfold, the cuts are quick in these scenes because it cuts back and forward from her face to the chest, creating tension among the audience because they don't know what will happen next.

There is a close up on the characters hand use here in this scene, this is done to create tension among the audience as it makes them ask the question of what is insode the box and wether it is safe or not to open it, as it is a horror and the conventions of a horror film is to create tension, the audience  know that it would not be a good idea to open he box.

This is a high angle, it is used in this scene to portray the character as more dominant to the audience, although in this case, we know that the angle is not relevant and we know that the woman is in danger.

This shot below shows that the character is tense and nervous as she does not know what is inside the chest. It is a mid shot because we can see some of the background, almost to show her hiding. The lightning is low key, the scene is in a light place, although when forced on the woman looking at the chest, the scene looks darker.

Low key lighting is used in this shot, this is done to emphasis the danger to the audience, creating mystery as they like the characters do not know the circumstances that could come from looking down the dark hole, it also creates tension because the viewers want the character to stay safe and be ok and they know that there is danger looming within the scene.

This mid shot is used in the film to portray the box which is now open,Mathis is done to represent the danger of what imminent the box to the audience, creating mystery among the viewers because they know something dangerous is in the box, but they are not sure what, this also creates tension because they do not want the woman to walk towards the box because they know the dangers, they also know thisp because of the film genre, as it is a convention of horror films create tension and suspense forplay the audience.

This mid shot portrays the woman in her house, showing her personality through her belongings, this is done for the viewers to gain a relationship with the character and to make them care for her safety in the film.

Porcelin rising:

This shot is a close up of the child, cuddling a teddy bear, this is important as we can see that the girl is vulnerable, this portrays her to the audience as weak and feeble minded as she cannot defend herself, this also immediately makes the audience care for her as she is only a small child. The teddy bear is also used to make the audience root for her from the start.

This is also a close up shot showing the danger within the film, this scares the audience as it creates tension among the audience, this is because they have begun a relationship with the characters, especially the little girl, meaning they care for them and do not want them to be harmed, the doll represents demonic traits, making the audience fear the doll just as much as the characters.

The lightning is used here to create mystery, it makes the audience unsure on what the doll can do to the characters, it is low key lighting used, however, the lightning brightens it up, making it even scarier for the audience becuase the lightning represents danger and is a classic horror convention.

The mid shot of the girl under the bed is done to represent the girl as vulnerable, as she is hiding under the bed, there is low key lighting used here, representing she is alone and in darkness, this is done to make the auaidence fear for her, creating suspense and tension. The shot shows how small and young she is to the audience as she is hiding under the bed.

The close up of the hand is done here to show that the girl I in saner, making the audience tense and worried or the characters safety, the lightning is used to help emphasis the demonic danger in place in te scene, this is also part of a succession of quick cuts, linking from one scene to another showing two points of view from both characters, which are the girl in trouble an the dad trying to help her. They are done to keep the audience included and engage within te film, keeping them entertained whilst at the same time creating tension and suspense as they care for the characters and do not wan them to be harmed.

This is an extreme close up, it is used to frighten the audience member as they are worried for the child's safety,  The extreme close up is also used for the audience to see the venets from the eye vision of the character, without seeing anything, the viewers following the girls eyes, knowing she is in danger. It is done to create tension as the audience worry for her.

The lighting in this shot is high key lighting, this is because of the lighting, it is done to show the audience what is jn the room but also done to scare them because lightning is a convention of horror films, meaning that te audience will feel tense when te lightning strikes.

The editing in this scene is fast, by using quick cuts, they piece together moments for the man, this is done to make the audience understand the order of the story, also it is done as it shows the audience that the character is working something out quickly in his head, so the quick cuts make it more interesting for the audience so, this is becuase it engages them and makes them feel involved

There is low keg lighting used in this scene, this is because it empathises the fact that the girl is in danger as we can see the doll loom down, the darkness portrays the evil in the scene.

During this short film, there are many different kinds of sounds that are used, both diegetic and non diegetic, they are both there to make the audience feel engaged in the story, the non diegetic sound in this film tells the audience that something is going to happen, letting them know before the character, whereas the diegetic sound is the sound that everyone can hear, both the audience and the characters, for example in this film, there is much diegetic sound that was used, these were the lighting noise, this is diegetic because the character can hear it as well as the audience, by using lightning, it is a typical factor that is used in horror film, done to scare the audience and to make them feel tense giving the feeling that something bad will happen. The screaming that was used is diegetic, the screaming is used because it emphasis to the viewers that the little girl is in danger. The dialogue from both characters is also used, this is when they are in danger, also when the two are talking.

The non diegetic sounds used in this film are the music that was used, the music in this film is used to create tension, there is only music at the end, but as the film ends on a cliff hanger, the music portrays that the characters are still in danger.

Formats and Narratives

There are three different types of formats, these are a Series, Serial and a Single Drama.

Series - This follows the lives of all the characters throughout every episode, however, with a series there will be a new story every episode. The stories will change while the characters will stay. An example of this would be the TV show Friends, as it follows the life of the main characters, but each episode counts as an individual by not linking.

Serial - A Serial is a show that will have an ongoing story throughout many episodes, the story can begin and can last sometimes over ten episodes. A serial will also follow the same characters throughout each episodes, but unlike a series, the tasks facing a character last a longer period of time in a serial, unlike a series, where the story will always conclude within the same episode it starts. An example of a Serial would be Breaking Bad, this is because it follows the main characters throughout each episode, but the main stories continue through many episodes.

Single Drama - An example of this could be transformers 4, this is because it concludes within the same film. Meaning that the story ends at the end of the film. A single drama also is usually only broadcasted once and can also sometimes be based on real life events.

Narratives:

Non Linear - This is a narrative structure that is used to show that a story does not run in a straight line, non linear means that there will be flashbacks and flash forwards used to make it more interesting for the audience and to keep them entertained. Fight Club would be an example for a non linear narrative, this is because it bounces around from place to place, not always linking and the audience do not know what will happen or what is happening until the pieces are fitted together at the end. As there are flashbacks used.

Linear - This is a narrative structure that is used in a straight line, there are no flashbacks and the story will run in its correct order from the start until it concludes. An example of a linear story is the film up, this is because the story is told in one long ordered line.

Realist - This is where a story is realistic for the audience, films that would be realist would be films that are based on true events, such as a war film, whereas a film such as Alien, is not realist as the audience know that it can never happen.

Anti Realist - It is not based on real lifer situations, the audience know it is not real, however are still drawn in to the story.

Single Stranded and Multi Stranded - A story that follows one character, getting the story from their perspective, whereas multi stranded will follow the point of views of multiple characters whilst staying within the same story.

Closed and Open Narratives - A closed Narrative will conclude at the end whereas an open narrative may leave it open and not finish at the end. A closed narrative can be a soap opera, such as Coronation Street, as the story will continue for a long period of time, this makes it exciting for the audience as they are looking forward to the next episode.

Comparing single camera with multi camera productions

Single Camera vs Multi Camera

Single Camera and Multi Camera Productions: Single camera productions are usually done for films, whereas a TV show, such as the Jeremy Kyle show, is shot on multiple cameras. A multi Camera Production will always be used mainly for live shows with an audience.

The Jeremy Kyle show is shot on multi cameras because it is a talk show, it must be captured through different shot types such as close ups and mid shots, it also must be shot from other angles, so there will be different camera set ups around the focus point. If this was shot with a single camera, then it would not be able to capture all of the right footage, by using multi camera, it ensures that one camera can focus on the close ups of the guests and the host, other can focus on the long shots, master shots and many others.




A TV show like Doctor Who, would be shot on a single camera, even though it is a TV show.

This would be used with a single camera as it would be cheaper to make for the writers, it will also be done because in a show like Doctor Who, as it is a single drama and an anti realist show, they will shoot with a single camera so they can portray the full landscapes to the audience so they will get a better feel for the show and will become more interested in it. It is also done to capture all of the expressions on the characters faces, this is done for the audience to begin to feel more emotional attachment towards them, for this, they will use close ups and extreme close ups much more often than a multi camera production would.



Chat Shows (talks shows)
Like Jeremy Kyle, this would be a multi camera production, this is for many reasons, as it is a live show, they will only have one shot at getting it 100% correct, although, it is easier to cover a mistake up more than it would be for another live performance, such as a football match or a Glastonbury performance.they will use multi camera to make sure they capture all of the guests and the star, there will also be a camera being used to capture the live audience, to show there expressions, there will, like Jeremy Kyle, also be cameras specifically used for capturing close ups and extreme close ups, so the viewers at home do not get bored and so they will see more, also a camera to get the full shot of the studio with the audience, panning over to the guests and host, this is done for effect, usually at the start, to introduce the show to the viewers in an entertaining way.



Live Performances

This will also be multi camera, as it is live, there will only be one shot at performing and capturing it correctly, this would also be the same for a football game, they would not be able to redo anything, with a live performance, you will also have different camera set ups all over the place, for instance, there will be one for a master shot, it would generally be placed on a crane or something high, this is to capture the full stage and fans for the people at home to feel the excitement, allowing the viewers elsewhere to also see it better, there will also be other cameras near the fans, also done for the viewers at home to feel as though they are actually there, there will also be close ups and mid shots of the performers on the stage, to show the audience at home, again making them feel part of it and also allowing them a better view of the performers even though they are much further away.



Utopia - TV Thriller

This would be shot with a single camera, this is to once again allow the audience to feel something for the characters shown, whether it will be good or bad, depending on the character, single camera will be used to capture the individual shots, such as close ups and extreme close ups of the characters faces, to ensure the audience feel interested and mysterious about the character and their personalities.








Come Fly With Me - Comedy


A TV Programme such as come fly with me will use single camera production, this is because the show is filmed like a documentary and many of the shots are taken as interviews for the audience to believe that it is set in an airport. Single camera is used to fully portray to the viewers the expressions of the characters, to make them all believable.







Advantages of Single Camera: There are many advantages when using single camera in a production, most films use single camera techniques, this is because it can be cheaper to do so. By doing this it allows the crew to capture footage several times, allowing them to gain shots that they may not have intended to use in the first place. By using single camera, it allows the viewers to be able to capture all of the individual shots and angles used in the show, there will be more of these shots because the makers will be able to focus on single characters at a time, setting up in a different place for any shot that is based on a different angle, or of a different person, whereas different shots of the same person, such as mid shots, close ups, extreme close ups and long shots can all be shot in the same position, the camera does not need to move.
It also allows the crew to use a variety of shots, this is because by making it a single camera production, it ensures that the crew will end up getting many different shots more than once so they can get the best shot possible, with a single camera production, the crew that will be needed will be much smaller, for instance, there will usually only be one professional cameraman to film, when on location with a smaller crew, there are less things to be concerned with, as you only need one cameraman at a time, other people can be allowed top focus entirely on locations and especially continuity, focusing on continuity is extremely important as it allows the story to flow correctly in the right order, linking clearly for the audience to understand.
By shooting with a single camera, you can also focus in order of the most important shots to do first, such as the master the shot, there are many advantages on beginning with a master shot, these are, because it establishes to the audience where the characters are, the master shot shows everyone in the scene with the whole background, quite like an establishing shot. It also has to be done from a long shot or wide angle, to show the audience who and what is in the scene. As it is a single camera production, it will allow the crew to film it not in any specific order, they do not have to shoot vier the script or storyboard, although it is best to start with the master shot to get the full view for the audience so they understand where the characters are and who is at the location. You are also able to focus especially on the characters emotions, helping gain the audience members emotion towards that character.


Advantages of Multi Camera: There are many advantages of filming with multi cameras in a production, this is because it allows them to capture all of the shots together, allowing the viewers to enjoy it more, by doing this, there will be cameras set up in different areas, each there to capture a shot of a specific meaning to the audience, it will generally be used during live performances, such as a football match and it will allow the audience to see what is going from the players perspectives, as well as the manager, allowing the audience to see there facial expressions from long shots to close ups, also having the master shot, like an establishing shot to capture the stadium, fans and player all at once, showing the viewers the full picture top make them feel as though they are there in the stadium.


Disadvantages of using Single camera in productions: It will take much more planning for the writers, the script and the storyboard will have to be written before hand, even though they do not have to be shot in that order, a full story must be established before any filming begins.
It will also take much longer to complete, this is because obviously there i only one camera being used, making all of the shots longer to shoot. It also means that you will be left with many more outtakes, this is because there will be many mistakes made and the camera will keep picking them up, so this will come back to take a longer time during pre production when the editor is editing, you can also end up breaking the 180 degree rule, this can easily be done by not shooting a different camera shot from the same angle as the previous shot, this breaks continuity laws and the 180 degree rule, because it is not understandable for the audience.


Disadvantages of Multi Camera: With multi camera productions they are extremely expensive to make, this is because the are multiple cameras used so the cost for all of the camera crew will amount up. The costs for all of the lighting equipment will also be expensive.


The purposes of using multi cameras is to get the shots all from different perspectives all at the same time whereas with single camera, the purpose is to focus on each character carefully, showing their expressions to the audience to help gain the audiences emotions.



Our Single Camera Production







When we were filming our production, we did it with a single camera, this was so we captured all of the correct angles and shots for our audience to understand what was happening, such as close ups on the pills to easily suggest to the audience that the character has overdosed, a close up was used here to grab the audiences attention by ensuring that they gain emotional attachment towards the character before really knowing them.

We found out many disadvantages of filming with the single camera also, this is because we realised that during the editing, we had to search through many outtakes and mistakes to ensure we had the right footage. This however allowed us to discover other footage that we originally did not intend to include, allowing us to make the story better by using some of these shots.

SCT - shot types Task A

Extreme Close Up - This shot is done to portray characters emotions and facial expressions and to emphasis what is happening in the scene, following their eyes, judging what is happening within the scene, this also looks with a pan shot, as the pan scans the room, you could then cut to an extreme close up of the characters eyes following it.

Wide Shot - This is used to allow the audience to clearly see the character and their surroundings, this could also link with an establishing shot as it can show to the audience where the characters are.

Pan - The Pan is used to show to the audience the surroundings of a character, for instance, in a room, the camera can pan along the whole area of the room, to capture all of the objects and subjects within it.

The 180 degree rule - This is done to ensure that the continuity of the scene is correct, so it links with the rest of the story and so the audience can follow it easily, by breaking the 180 degree rule, you are not allowing the audience to fully understand the situation of a character within a scene, it could be broken by shooting different shots of the same thing, such as one close up and one mid shot, the character must be in the same position to allow the story to flow.

Building a sequence of Shots - By doing this, it links different scenes together, this means by showing a mid shot followed by a close up at the same time, showing the same events from a different shot type, this allows a story to be told, linking the different shots, showing the events form a different shot. It builds up a continuing sequence.

Blocking (intimate and distance) This allows the audience to understand the relationship of certain characters towards each other, by the way the have been placed in the scene, if they are place together, standing next to each other, it shows that they are close, whereas if they were standing far away from each other within the same scene, they would be classed as not being close. If it is too characters moving closer towards each other, it shows to the audience that a relationship is being built, allowing the audience to follow it and start to feel emotion towards the character.

Shot types - Close ups are used to show the audience suspense of a character, creating dramatic effect and mystery for the audience.

A long shot shot is done to establish a background and to show the audience where the characters currently are, quite similar to a Master Shot.

Lead Room - For any dramatic energy to be directed at.

Head Room - This is done to show the shot of the character and not cutting some of their head out of the shot, it is done to see the full shot.

Dead Space - allowing the character too much head room.

The master shot shows everything within a scene, by showing all of the characters in the scene, next to there current environment and background, by doing this it establishes to the audience where the characters are. The master shot is important to shoot first as it is the main shot, because it explains to the audience where the characters are

180 Degree/ Rule of third / Match on Action/Shot reverse shot